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[Music]

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in getting into outer space so sort of a

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competition at the time and you all know

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it the first satellite that was sentient

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space was Sputnik accomplished by the

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Russians so this really was just a goal

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to get there there was no science

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involved they just wanted to send a

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satellite to say that they could do it

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so the u.s. countered this by sending

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their own probe the Explorer one into

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space so this whole this is whole

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feedback like who's gonna get their

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first Russians beat the US and then US

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countered and sent out this probe had a

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few science instruments on it but not

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too many there's really just again to

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get there and to prove you could moving

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forward what's the next logical step

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you send a person into space so the

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Russians again beat the United States

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which were again were the two really

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forefront countries involved in this in

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this mission by sending Vostok one with

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Yuri Gagarin into into orbit around

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Earth so you did one full orbit and

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again this was not good enough for the

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u.s. so they kept going and sent their

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own man into space so that's Alan

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Shepard he didn't quite make it around

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the earth but he got into orbit and came

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back down so these were two successful

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missions both by the Russians in the US

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but neither country was determined to

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give up they were again we're going and

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to think what's the next logical step

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so the moon's pretty close right so

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let's go there and finally at this point

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the United States beat the Russians and

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sent people to the moon they also had

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Apollo 8 which didn't orbit and came

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back but finally someone got got people

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to the moon and you have all these

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iconic pictures and it was a big thing

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in the 60s 50s and 60s to even send

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someone here this was a really big step

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for estable for us for astrobiology and

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just space engineering in general

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because this really was a major feat

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just sending anything into space let

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alone people so this really sparked the

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age of astrobiology in the age of space

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engineering and particularly NASA

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started sending a lot of equipment into

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space and they started off one of their

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main equipment one of the main science

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equipments with pioneer with the pioneer

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series and in particular for here

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pioneer 10 and 11 were meant to go to

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the outer solar system and you know it

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was hard enough just to get things to

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the moon equipment to the moon so they

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they have this ambitious goal

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against the outer ends of solar system

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and incredibly they did and it was a

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really successful mission so Pioneer

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1011 actually went out into Saturn and

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Jupiter and map and image these these

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planets which was in Crete and

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completely incredible for the time so

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you have these really unique pictures of

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things you could previously not you

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previously couldn't see from Earth and

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this really just kind of took off for a

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few years and then they they moved on to

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the scoop ahead an extra year they moved

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on to the Voyager so that was sent

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essentially another a continuation of

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the Pioneer series with more developed

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cameras and more more instrumentation so

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you can see that there's a little bit

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more complexity to their module that

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they sent out there so this is sort of

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this next logical step in space

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engineering you get somewhere you show

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that you can do it and then you start

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sending more advanced equipment so you

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can further characterize it so you send

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more and more advanced equipment this

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makes a lot of sense so you get even

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better pictures and you're starting to

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get some some more finite information on

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the magnetospheres

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and the radiation environments and what

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type of minerals you can expect on the

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surfaces you're getting better

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measurements so this helps your future

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equipment that you plan to send and I

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think everyone knows this one the Viking

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experiments that were sent to Mars like

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they first person asked a sense of stuff

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for the outer solar system so they

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didn't have to worry about landing

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anywhere they just sent it out there

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then they finally wanted to land on one

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of these planets and that in itself is a

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whole nother ballgame and believe it or

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not after a few unsuccessful attempts by

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again the Russians and the US they

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finally got some tool and so the Viking

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landers got on Mars and there was one

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big handicap here or one big under site

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where they they decided to put a

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chemistry experiment on it and without

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characterizing the mineral content of

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the surface so the experiments were a

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little up in the air as far as the

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results go so this really hurt the Simon

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Science instrumentation portion of what

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they were sending into space and there

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was sort of a low for a long time period

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almost 15 years for where they just

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weren't really sending anything into

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space until we get the

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amazing piece of equipment the Hubble

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telescope in 1990 and you start getting

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all these incredible images of the solar

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system and it really revitalizes

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everyone's interest in outer space in

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space technology and spirits time in

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1990 this was like one of the most

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incredible developments in space science

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so it really just sparked that that

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space science expedition and the whole

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series of what we were going to think of

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even think about sending in the space so

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the world started sending these

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telescope this the called the great

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observers in the space and another well

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I'll come to that one in a second but

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but first they send out the Cassini

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mission and again this is sort of iconic

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in at least our setting for astrobiology

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where you have these really even more

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advanced tools for detecting the sort of

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environments we'll expect around these

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planets and incredibly advanced so this

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is they had another 15 years to get even

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more advanced cameras so they're getting

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better images of the moons around these

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planets and I think everyone knows that

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this at this point they found the V in

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celle spoons so this again really put a

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big step forward in the astrobiology

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community and specifically because there

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was like oh what's on these plumes I

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think this isn't this is an icy world

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there's water here so there might be

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life and in these police boats coming

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off of this planet so the Cassini as

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famous as it is it really just sort of

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defines the direction at least for now

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that a lot of the science is heading for

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for our planetary research so again this

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was another one that sort of

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lesser-known Spitzer telescope it's one

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part of the great observers the Chandra

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is another one but combining all the

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telescopes out in space you get these

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really awesome composite images and data

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from the different cosmos that we can

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see from Earth or from surrounding earth

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so you can start to really map the

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entire galaxy and our known universe

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which before before was really like just

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challenge that was so out there that no

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one no one could even fathom so it's

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like mind-boggling to think about it but

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also during that time there are a lot of

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really

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heavily focused on Mars and it's made me

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happy that they finally started to send

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more experienced Mars even after Viking

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landers and the first thing they did was

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to send a rover because they hadn't done

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that before they'd only sent Landers so

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they were first concerned about landing

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so now they're concerned about actually

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moving around on the planet so you can

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get more data and figure out how to map

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the area and figure out all the

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mineralogy so they sent the Pathfinder

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and the Surgenor Rover and they were

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able to land on Mars successfully again

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which again amazing feat of its own and

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had like the weird bubble system but it

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worked so whatever works it's good so

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they moved on from that and they went to

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the spirit an opportunity and I think a

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lot of people have seen this once

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picture of Earth as pale blue dot

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picture of Earth from Mars and it's sort

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of it defines where science was at that

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time like we were able to get there we

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have these really faint images of all

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these planets and the surfaces of these

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planets

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got to the point where we can we can see

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our own planet with these

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high-resolution cameras and we're

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getting mineralogy composition of the of

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the land so we can actually start

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sending more relevant wet chemistry

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techniques which we didn't think of them

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passed and they did so they sent the

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Phoenix lander which I think everyone

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knows saw the water or the water from

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its collection sample go over time so

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you can see that there's liquid water at

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least some evaporation over time and

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they have another interesting landing

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technique

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they even photographed it as it was

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going down and again big feet and at the

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time bringing us all the way to the

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Curiosity rover which had a more

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advanced what chemistry lab so again

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there's this all this holes logical step

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of progression where you go to where you

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want to go is just to prove you can do

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it and then you start sending more and

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more advanced technologies so you

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further characterize the area that

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you're going that you want the area of

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interest and then you send in your

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really fine-tuned equipment and some of

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the future directions so this is really

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defining the future directions of space

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technology for this specific or for our

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specific context in astrobiology so we

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have the James Webb Space Telescope

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that's essentially going to be the

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Gentoo of the Hubble and we're really

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going to be able to zoom in further on

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our universe in ours and our solar

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system

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as well to pick out more fine-tuned care

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tourists excelsov Europa clipper so this

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is highly relevant to the astrobiology

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community look at the the Europa

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environment so we can send more

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equipment so actually land on the planet

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or land on the moon and the Mars 2020

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Rover will be sending it back to Mars

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and gathering samples for a few

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potential future quote collection so

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bringing this back to the talks that are

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coming up it's really important to go

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through all the the the general path of

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how you send things out into space

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because for this talk talk number one

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they're using x-ray imaging techniques

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to study micro fossils and we've seen

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some pictures on Mars where there were

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micro fossils you know but it was really

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or they were pretending or they were

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there was thought to be micro fossils

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but we weren't really sure so we need to

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develop our own techniques to do that on

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earth before so we can really hone down

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on it so one way to do that is with this

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3d - GOG rafi and it takes x-ray images

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and creates 3d model you can also do

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that with micro CT we're still be going

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over after and same thing with confocal

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laser scanning microscopy that's just

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taking pictures and 3d images top number

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two we'll be going over this region

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based convolutional neural networks

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which is different than just a

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prediction of what our using an image

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and picking out spots on the image and

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telling you what they are it's actually

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figuring that out and interpreting that

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source image to give you what it thinks

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is actually there and lastly looking

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forward is this SETI talk they're using

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the Green Bay Conservatory to look for

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signs of extraterrestrial life which in

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and of itself is a really difficult

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challenge because it's hard to penetrate

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through the background noise to the

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universe so we're looking for these

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talks in